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HYMENOPTERA, Ichneumonoidea This
is one of the largest groups of parasitic insects. It probably ranks first in effectiveness of reducing or holding
in balance numerous phytophagous pests.
Dominant families are Ichneumonidae and Braconidae (Clausen
1940). In this section the families
Agriotypidae, Aphidiidae, Apozygidae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae and
Paxylommatidae will be treated separately in the respective files <agriop.htm>, <aphidid.htm>,
<apozygid.htm>, <braconid.htm>,
<ichneu.htm>, & <paxylom.htm>
[Also see taxnames for more details]. Ichneumonoidea are in
the suborder Apocrita. Included are the ichneumon wasps or "ichneumon
flies"; family Ichneumonidae) and the braconids (family Braconidae). The superfamily may have
over 80,100 species. The ichneumon wasps are more commonly observed as they
are larger more diverse as the braconids. All species are solitary
and most are parasitoids. The larvae
feed on or in another insects thereby killing them. There is a close
relationship to other Hymenoptera:
e.g., ants and bees. The Ichneumonidae are
usually larger insects than of the Braconidae, and are separated by their
wing venation. Species of both families have associated polydnaviruses that
suppress the immune systems of their hosts. Different insects may be utilized as
hosts or specific hosts are chosen. Some species have been used in
biological control. The size of
Ichneumonidae vary from 3.2 to 134 mm long. Most species are
slender, with the females of many species having long ovipositors. Eggs are deposited on, near, or inside a
host's body. The larvae feed either externally or internally, killing the
host just before pupation. The long ovipositor is adapted for boring into
wood and a host. Key
references are Clausen (1940), DeBach (1964), Askew (1971), Huffaker &
Messenger (1976), Vinson (1976), Marsh & Carlson (1979), Vinson &
Iwantsch (1980), Gauld (1988) and Gauld & Bolton (1988). Families
References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references
may be found at: MELVYL
Library] Achterberg, C.
van. 1975. A revision of the tribus Blacini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae,
Helconinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 118:159‑322. Achterberg, C.
van. 1975. A new genus, Mesostoa gen.
nov., from W. Australia, belonging to a new subfamily (Hymenoptera,
Braconidae). Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 35:158‑160.
Achterberg, C.
van. 1976. A preliminary key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae
(Hymenoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 119:33‑78. Achterberg, C.
van. 1979. A revision of the species of Amicrocentrinae, a new subfamily
(Hymenoptera, Braconidae), with a description of the final instar larval
instar of Amicrocentrum curvineris by
J.R.T. Short. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 122:1‑28. Achterberg, C.
van. 1979a. A revision of the species of Amicrocentrinae, a new subfamily
(Hymenoptera, Braconidae), with a description of the final instar larva of Amicrocentrum curvineris by J.R.T.
Short. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 122:1‑28. Achterberg, C.
van. 1979b. A revision of the new mily Xiphozelinae (Hymenoptera,
Braconidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 122:29‑46. Achterberg, C.
van. 1979c. A revision of the subfamily Zelinae auct. (Hymenoptera,
Braconidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 122 241 ‑479. Achterberg, C.
van. 1983a. A revision of the new tribe Brulleiini. Contributions of the
Amer. Entomol. Institute 20:281‑306. Achterberg, C.
van. 1983b. Revisionary notes on the subfamily Gnaptodontinae, with a
description of eleven new species (Hymneoptera, Braconidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 126:25 ‑57. Achterberg, C.
van. 1984a. Essay on the phylogeny of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonoidea). Entomologisk Tidskrift 105:41 ‑58. Achterberg, C.
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van. 1990. Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Holarctic Braconidae
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische
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